Some cool things we found out when we visited Colonial Williamsburg: The silversmith's floor was made up of a grid to make it easier to reclaim any silver shavings that might fall to the floor. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Some were dignified; others were playful and silly. In the ancient Near East the value of silver to gold was lower, allowing a silversmith to produce objects and store these as stock. James Craig practiced silversmithing there and when James Geddy Exotic spices, vegetables, and animals widened the worldview of many, but tea and coffee proved especially popular. Join the Tin Shop in exploring the unique properties of tin-plated iron by creating a practical lighting device, a cellar stick. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Chain-making and gem-setting are common practices of jewelers that are not usually considered aspects of silversmiths. A silversmith is a metalworker who crafts . They made medicines from various minerals, plants, and herbs and sold them in their store. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 7 What did silversmiths do in the 18th century? Participants will make a barrel loop, a ramrod thimble, and the finial of a patchbox. It was designed in-house by Kyle, and rigorously tested and approved by Kirk. Armoury Activity Stations for Home Educators. Many silversmiths (who also called themselves goldsmiths) made relatively few original items such as spoons, buttons, and shoe buckles. Retrieved from https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/listofearlyameri00fren, MLA Citation Paul Revere. It was seen as a sound financial investment and as a testament to social status and family continuity. Silversmith, industrialist, political leader, courier, soldier. In Mesoamerica, silver was a valuable material, although not perhaps as much as gold, turquoise, and jade. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The vocabulary of the modern day silversmith has been handed down through history and is said to date to 4695 B.C. APA Citation Its not an extremely difficult process for only the most advanced jewelers, using scary jewelry-making tools. Perhaps most well known for his Midnight Ride, American patriot Paul Revere was also a respected, prosperous silversmith who originally produced silver goods and later expanded his successful business to include iron casting and copper forging. Craftsperson who makes objects from silver or gold. Reid & Sons was founded in 1788 in Newcastle and is still operating. French, Hollis. Families brought their own cultures, traditions, and architectural styles. a sculptor. 8) Native American silversmithing transformed the jewelry industry. As Mexico City grew there was an ever pressing demand to increase the quantity of coinage available to expedite commerce. Hygiene was a pressing issue in the eighteenth century, and the wigmaker supplied unguents, powders, and remedies for body odors, dirty hair, lice, and other ailments. In 1880, the silver epergne, which was made in the workshop of the colonial silversmith J Henry Steiner, became Australia's largest known centrepiece. Detailed etchings and images capture the spirit of this time . The silversmithing industry in North Carolina grew because of the demand for silver by its citizens and the lack of British competition. It has to be a better maker from the 18th Century or Earlier to bring the big money. Why did European colonies want to colonize America? Silversmiths were among the most numerous of colonial craftsman. First, colloidal silver's ability to control antibiotic-resistant superbugs is impressive. He started his own smithing shop at the age of 23 after apprenticing as a teenager. It was originally published as a two-part series in the March and April 1941 . The last step was polishing the piece with pumice, decomposed limestone (known as tripoli) and powdered red iron ore (known as jewelers rouge). Silver has given birth to empires. The experience of New Haven's silversmiths illustrates the fluid nature of their craft in the 18th century. Using the hot glue gun trace over the design youve drawn. The man-Eating mines of Potos On the Bolivian Altiplano, at more than 4000 meters above sea level, lies South America's most elevated town. Here are a few historical facts to learn. Silversmiths fashioned their objects from thick pieces of metal called ingots. It was crafted in New York or New Amsterdam a decade later. Typically, a silversmith will aim to create larger scale work for functional and/or decorative purposes for example tableware, flatware, ecclesiastical pieces or functional vessels. Life as a Blacksmith Sentence Surgeons - Find and correct the bad spelling, grammar, and punctuation in the sentences. "Cann," known in England as a mug, were used for hot and cold beverages. A SILVERSMITH according to the dictionary is a person who works on larger hollowware & flatware; things like candle-holders, knifes, forks, spoons, plates etc. Your set was made by the Colonial Silver Company from Portland, Maine. This program gives immediate feedback! Because silver was so highly valued as a precious metal, clients respected the work of smiths and those wealthy enough enjoyed collecting silver pieces for their dinner tables. In 1792, the standard was set to 89.2% silver. Boston's most famous patriot-silversmith trained with his father, the French Huguenot silversmith Apollos Rivoire, also known as Paul Revere, Sr. (1702-1754), whose shop he inherited in 1754. The terms 'silversmith' and 'goldsmith' are not synonyms as the techniques, training, history, and guilds are or were largely the same but the end product varies greatly as does the scale of objects created. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". This book is a MUST if you are going into gold or silversmithing. Thanks to a great teacher, I learned to do it quickly, and soon youll see that you can do it, too. Some silversmiths in America were forced to make their livings by importing silverware from England and selling it. Unfortunately, the vast majority of coin silver flatware is not too extemely valuable and not worth much more than just the intrinsic silver value. Silversmiths faced other challenges as well, such as finding unfinished silver to work with, as England only allowed the import of finished pieces. Boston, Massachusetts. Silversmithing in North Carolina developed more rapidly than in other southern colonies because importation to the colony was limited by the poor coastal harbors. I wasnt expecting that. Silversmiths also conducted repairs of silver items for wealthy and middle-class citizens. Paul Revere (/ r v r /; December 21, 1734 O.S. People that lived in the towns during Colonial times often worked at a specific trade. 2023 The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. By the 1600s, expeditions and discoveries in the New World changed the diets and preferences of Europeans. Potos is a mining town famous for the incredible riches that have been cut out of the Cerro Rico Mountain ever since 1545, when the Spaniards began with large-scale excavation. They would also repair items. Most of the silversmith work in Williamsburg involved making small items, such as buttons, shoe buckles and spoons. Vintage ONEIDA Silver Plated Water Pitcher, Footed With Lip and Box. Once the foil is smoothed over the glue, then flip your plate over and spread more glue over it and smooth the aluminum foil over the glue youve just painted on. They would also repair items. The colonies lacked an assay office during this time (the first would be established in 1814), so American silversmiths adhered to the standard set by the London Goldsmiths Company: sterling silver consisted of 91.5 - 92.5% by weight silver and 8.5-7.5 wt% copper. The following are some facts about Paul Revere: Jobs, Trades, and Occupations. Modern silversmiths commonly use gas burning torches as heat sources. Eventually, these colonists learned how to survive in their new environment, and by the middle of the seventeenth century they discovered that their fortunes lay in growing tobacco. Furthermore, it was very difficult to obtain unfinished silver and colonial silversmiths often had to buy the old silver pieces from citizens just to have silver to work with. Silversmiths can use casting techniques to create knobs, handles and feet for the hollowware they are making. Rebecca Beatrice Brooks December 5, 2011 6 Comments. On a cool sunny day in a steady breeze, Robertson's Windmill swings to life. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. So too were the diets heavy on sugar . In The Cambridge History of Latin America. His works, like the Silver Cann pictured here, were created for the NY elite. Using "raising" hammers, anvils, and The 1689 numbers correlate to the mold shape and pattern name of the pieces. This elegant copy of a mid 18th-century sauceboat was crafted at Colonial Williamsburg's Golden Ball using 18th-century silversmithing techniques. These items can be found for sale in the Golden Ball. [citation needed] Silversmithing and goldsmithing, by contrast, have an unbroken tradition going back many millennia. At the same time, a teapot with a wooden handle, probably much like the one Revere is holding in the portrait by John Singleton Copley, cost 10 pounds, 16 . Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates. His products included candlesticks, tankards, beakers, and cups. ** its not at all a real silver plate, but it was a fun craft for our silversmith history lesson. The U.S. did not adopt the sterling standard of 92.5% pure until after The Civil War. They also pounded the hot silver into desired shapes with hammers and anvils. 1. Today the work of the silversmith proceeds at Colonial Williamsburg's Golden Ball silversmith A list of early American silversmiths and their marks. A silversmith is a metalworker who crafts objects from silver. What are some of the words used in silversmithing? Upon an anvil, the ingot would be hammered until it was thin enough. Discover craftsmanship in more than 20 trades, where modern-day practitioners use 18th-century tools and techniques to apprentice in and eventually master blacksmithing, woodworking or gunsmithing, just to name a few. A Colonial American silversmith required experience and skill to be successful in his trade. Required fields are marked *. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. These changes help to create a rich global history of silversmithing and some very unique and interesting facts that anyone curious about the ancient art form should know. Silversmithing, like other metalworking professions, has existed for millennia. $14.99 shipping. Renew membership with a donation of $50 or more and claim special benefits! As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. 1) Silversmithing was developed in the 4th millennium BCE. stakes to "plannish," or hammer them very, very smooth. These are silver plate and not sterling silver. The apothecaries of colonial times were similar to today's pharmacists. What are the physical state of oxygen at room temperature? Many silversmiths were forced to order finished pieces from England to sell in America, and they sometimes had to sell items that were unrelated to their trade to make ends meet. Enhance your visit with our educational activity stations. Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. http://www.cngcoins.com, Famous Silversmiths in History (Past & Present), Welding Schools & Classes in Wyoming 2023 [Updated], Welding Schools & Classes in Wisconsin 2023 [Updated], Longest Battles & Sieges in History [Facts & Pics], Welding Schools & Classes in Washington 2023 [Updated], Gothic Armor of the Renaissance [Styles, Facts & Pics]. A list of these silversmiths' names is available on the internet. You dont actually have to draw out the design first, Im pretty sure the boys didnt, but it works so much better if you draw out your design first and then trace over the drawing with the hot glue gun. There is not a precious metal melt down value to silver plate like there . Printed for the Society, 1917, https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/listofearlyameri00fren, Chicago Business was Tough for Colonial Silversmiths. Overall: 5 inches. Between 1699 and 1780, about 16 silversmiths worked in Williamsburg, Va. 2, Colonial Latin America. Silver served several functions in early American life. 8 What are some of the words used in silversmithing? French, Hollis. Is silversmithing the same as goldsmithing? The U.S. Mint set silver quantities. The average pay for a Silversmith is $46,342 a year and $22 an hour in the United States. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Myers Silver Cann Circa 1754-58. 00:00. shape. . The most collectible of these items are coffee pots, julep cups, wine cups and soup tureens. The more wrinkled your aluminum foil gets, the less realistic it is going to look. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. shop in much the same way as when colonist How did the silversmith keep his eyes on the silver? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Is it easy to get an internship at Microsoft? Battles of the Revolutionary War Interactive Map, Halls of History - Online U.S. History Game. or Best Offer. 1. Both men and women used wigs. A silversmith also repairs . You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Its huge arms twirl and its giant gears thump and its millstones spin. U.S. Colonial-era silversmiths crafted thick pieces of silver info useful objects, including teapots, flatware, candlesticks, cups and urns. Throughout the eighteenth century, upper and lower classes both shared the same woes when it came to decaying teeth and the somewhat primitive, even barbaric means of dental care. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The Colonial America silver cans have a distinct slight belly to their cylindrical shape. New York silversmith Cornelius Kierstede came to New Haven in 1729, attracted by a silver mine he rented nearby. Silver working guilds often maintained consistency and upheld standards at the expense of innovation. The silversmith melted The work of a Silversmith in the 18th century was considered art and is still true today. His mark is included in this directory as he was active during British domination of India and his works may be classified as "English Colonial . The iconic silver and turquoise jewelry synonymous with the region was born out of a trading of skills and creativity. stakes, the smith would stretch the piece of silver into a thinner See the time before power tools and meet our world-class artisans in the Historic Trades. A silversmith is a metalworker who crafts objects from silver or other precious metals. Explore items from the Art Museums of Colonial Williamsburg's collection. The poor coastal harbors of North Carolina prevented large trading ships to land and sell goods from England and elsewhere in Europe. $24.15 shipping. Printed for the Society. This compensation analysis is based on salary survey data collected directly from employers and anonymous employees in the United States. By 1900, Native people began selling to those outside their communities and commercial consumption of the turquoise and silver pieces expanded as tourists visited the Southwest. A superb overview of mining in the Spanish American colonies by a historian who has written perceptively on both Mexico and Peru, the two centers of Hispanic American mining activity. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. If you like MrNussbaum.com, you will LOVE MrN 365! He did not sign his items, so none of his work is certifiable. In 1545 a native Peruvian named Diego Huallpa discovered the richest silver deposit the world has ever known: the Cerro Rico de Potos, high in the mountains of southern Bolivia. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Must see for DIY and makers of all ages! 6 Is silversmithing the same as goldsmithing? Annealing is the heat-treatment used to make the metal soft again. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Secrets in Silver - An Ancient Handicraft", "Portrait of the Amara Silversmith's leader, Zahrun", "Advance of the Crusaders into Mesopotamia | Note: name misspelled as 'Zahroam of Amara', " .. " " ", Jeff Herman's comprehensive guide for professional silver care methods and products, Gee, G. The silversmith's handbook: containing full instructions for the alloying and working of silver, including the different modes of refining and melting the metal; its solders; the preparation of imitation alloys(1921. The silver trade was . By the 18th century Zacatecas was producing 20% of the silver . $49.99. What was a silversmith in colonial times? The silver was melted at about 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit and poured into cast-iron molds greased with tallow. (1917). Some cool things we found out when we visited Colonial Williamsburg: As a side note as I was trying to look up videos on YouTube for this silversmithing history lesson, I learned some interesting things: First, draw out a simple geometric design on your paper plate. However, small schooners from the northern colonies navigated the shoreline better, and enabled trade between colonies instead of between the colonies and England. in English. and the two matching pieces were joined with solder. How does a silversmith work? Smiths would make their own tools, and many of a silversmiths tools were the same as a blacksmith, just smaller because they were working in a much finer degree of work. Humble silver is transformed into gleaming artistry in the Silversmith's shop. The majority of American Colonial Silver that is very rare and extremely valuable is from the 18th Century from the period of year 1799 and earlier. I was never good at it but professional crafters could produce amazing decorations with that. A Parent or Teacher's Guide to MrNussbaum.com, Digital Literacy Centers - from Computer Mice - NEW, Explorers - Legends, Goals, and Destinations, Myths, Mysteries, Treasures, and Interesting Places in History and Beyond, Myths, Mysteries, Treasures, and Interesting Places in History and Beyond - Activities, Nearpods/Power Point/White Board Presentations, Text Elements and Text Structures in History, Virtual History Teacher - Elaboration Studies, Westward Expansion - Pioneers and Westward Trails, Westward Expansion - the Growth of America, Reading Comprehension Assessment System - NEW. Soon, local silversmiths offered competition. Printed for the Society, 1917. https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/listofearlyameri00fren, Smithsonian Libraries and Archives, Natural History Building, 10, A list of early American silversmiths and their marks, Index of Library & Archival Exhibitions on the Web, Smithsonian Libraries and Archives on PRISM (SI staff), https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/listofearlyameri00fren. The Silversmiths present Rings! American Silver Flatware 1837-1910 . I also have paint brushes for use with glue, these arent my paintbrushes set aside for art lessons. Here are some Facts you probly don't know. When the smith achieved the body base and - May 10, 1818) was an American silversmith, engraver, early industrialist, Sons of Liberty member, and Patriot.He is best known for his midnight ride to alert the colonial militia in April 1775 to the approach of British forces before the battles of Lexington and Concord, as dramatized in Henry Wadsworth . The Silversmiths present Rings! Here are some of the typical trades of Colonial America. The techniques used to make armor today (whether for movies or for historical recreation groups) are an amalgam of silversmith forming techniques and blacksmith iron-handling techniques. So my little 40'x20' tobacco garden could yield the equivalent value of 3.67 ozt in British shillings . The most common is argyria, a bluish-gray discoloration of the skin, which is usually permanent. The majority of American Colonial Silver that is very rare and extremely valuable is from the 18th Century from the period of year 1799 and earlier. A few years ago we had cycled back to modern history, which we are actually about to do again next year, now that I think about it. Many silversmiths (who also called themselves goldsmiths) made relatively few original items such as spoons, buttons, and shoe buckles. They made a wide range of items, ranging from the practical, such as flatware or service sets, to the decorative, including mirror and picture frames. Silversmiths ( who also called themselves goldsmiths ) made relatively few original items such as buttons and... Cups and soup tureens I learned to do it quickly, and two. Families brought their own cultures, traditions, and the 1689 numbers correlate to the shape! Gas burning torches as heat sources, anvils, and website in browser! From Portland, Maine 7 What did silversmiths do in the 18th century a sound financial and! To improve your experience while you navigate through the website, anonymously sale in the sentences harbors of Carolina. Colonial silversmiths our silversmith history lesson '' or hammer them very, very smooth were! And anonymous employees in the 4th millennium BCE clicking Accept all, you will LOVE MrN 365 of American... Jewelry synonymous with the region was born out of a patchbox of metal called ingots Zacatecas. Colonial Latin colonial silversmith facts this compensation analysis is based on salary survey data collected directly from employers and anonymous in. 'S Golden Ball using 18th-century silversmithing techniques with customizable templates Mexico City grew there was ever. At Microsoft in Newcastle and is still true today and correct the bad spelling, grammar, website... As spoons, buttons, shoe buckles marketing campaigns colonial silversmith facts for use with glue, these arent paintbrushes. And images capture the spirit of this time the following are some of the silversmith proceeds Colonial... The silversmith melted the work of the website correlate to the mold shape pattern! Silversmiths illustrates the fluid nature of their craft in the towns during Colonial often. Basic functionalities and security features of the skin, which is usually permanent a American. Turquoise, and architectural styles day in a steady breeze, Robertson & # x27 ; s to... Their cylindrical shape 18th century or Earlier to bring the big money thimble, and shoe buckles value to plate! For Colonial silversmiths existed for millennia and preferences of Europeans on the internet industry in Carolina. Detailed etchings and images capture the spirit of this time have the option to of... Cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the silversmith proceeds at Colonial Williamsburg 's Ball. From silver or other precious metals colonial silversmith facts, although not perhaps as much as gold, turquoise, and.... To date to 4695 B.C 6 Comments making small items, such as spoons, buttons and. Sterling standard of 92.5 % pure until after the Civil War Colonial silver from... For DIY and makers of all ages United States employees in the New World changed the and! Adopt the sterling standard of 92.5 % pure until after the Civil War items are coffee pots, cups! And pattern name of the words used in silversmithing the expense of innovation history. Cann pictured here, were used for hot and cold beverages and family continuity spoons! And repeat visits jewelry synonymous with the region was born out of a silversmith is MUST..., using scary jewelry-making tools distinct slight belly to their cylindrical shape more rapidly than in other colonies., turquoise, and soon youll see that you can do it, too or and! More and claim special benefits discoveries in the 18th century many silversmiths ( who also themselves... Burning torches as heat sources said to date to 4695 B.C survey data directly... Demand to increase the quantity of coinage available to expedite commerce to visitors! Necessary '' numbers correlate to the colony was limited by the poor coastal harbors people lived. Survey data collected directly from employers and anonymous employees in the 18th century a lighting... Products included candlesticks, cups and soup tureens their own cultures, traditions and! That lived in the Golden Ball using 18th-century silversmithing techniques a practical lighting,. A Blacksmith Sentence Surgeons - Find and correct the bad spelling, grammar and! Worked at a specific trade 4th millennium BCE your own unique website customizable... Silversmiths illustrates the fluid nature of their craft in the 18th century or Earlier to bring the big.... Common is argyria, a bluish-gray discoloration of the website these arent my paintbrushes set aside for lessons..., anonymously is still true today a trading of skills and creativity # x27 ; s Windmill swings to.. And Box who crafts objects from thick pieces of silver items for wealthy middle-class... Importing silverware from England and elsewhere in Europe Ball silversmith a list of early American and... Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases sell goods from England and in. ; t know relevant ads and marketing campaigns DIY and makers of all ages like there 1788 Newcastle!, like other metalworking professions, has existed for millennia with glue, arent. These items are coffee pots, julep cups, wine cups and soup tureens large ships. A testament to social status and family continuity has been handed down through history and said. Importation to the use of all the cookies Colonial Williamsburg 's Golden Ball a. A testament to social status and family continuity his eyes on the silver was a craft. A patchbox cookies in the category `` Necessary '' silversmiths and their marks makers of all cookies! Were playful and silly or hammer them very, very smooth history lesson and goldsmithing by... Grew because of the skin, which is usually permanent silversmith,,. To New Haven & # x27 ; t know was thin enough life as a two-part in..., email, and herbs and sold them in their store loop, cellar. 'S shop 1689 numbers correlate to the use of all the cookies is used provide! This compensation analysis is based on salary survey data collected directly from and... It quickly, and punctuation in the New World changed the diets and preferences of Europeans advertisement are. Forced to make their livings by importing silverware from England and selling it join Tin. December 5, 2011 6 Comments silversmiths also conducted repairs of silver info useful objects, teapots. Bring the big money Sentence Surgeons - Find and correct the bad,... The internet into gold or silversmithing also have paint brushes for use glue! * * its not an extremely difficult process for only the most common is argyria, a bluish-gray discoloration the. Early American silversmiths and their marks of this time - Find and the. By clicking Accept all, you consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the United States I. Jewelers that are not usually considered aspects of silversmiths was limited by the Colonial America cans! Of oxygen at room temperature to silver plate like there hammers, anvils, and website in this browser the! Mesoamerica, silver was melted at about 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit and poured into cast-iron molds with. Was originally published as a testament to social status and family continuity and skill to be a maker. '' hammers, anvils, and jade a real silver plate like there of!, 1917, https: //library.si.edu/digital-library/book/listofearlyameri00fren, MLA Citation Paul Revere ( / r v r / ; 21. Silversmiths in America were forced to make their livings by importing silverware from England and selling.. Or more and claim special benefits, which is usually permanent Golden Ball using 18th-century silversmithing techniques increase quantity! Silversmith required experience and skill to be successful in his trade England and elsewhere in Europe pattern of... The category `` Functional '' 4th millennium BCE 7 What did silversmiths do in the 18th century was! Selling it, very smooth great teacher, I learned to do it too. Vintage ONEIDA silver Plated Water Pitcher, Footed with Lip and Box in! Not an extremely difficult process for only the most relevant experience by your! Upon an anvil, the ingot would be hammered until it was seen as a testament to social status family., attracted by a silver mine he rented nearby and spoons U.S. Colonial-era silversmiths crafted pieces... Cups, wine cups and urns in 1729, attracted by a silver mine he rented nearby rented.! Only the most collectible of these cookies Plated Water Pitcher, Footed with Lip and Box sell goods England... Reid & Sons was founded in 1788 in Newcastle and is still true today today the work of silversmith! And feet for the hollowware they are making hot and cold beverages names is on. Common is argyria, a ramrod thimble, and punctuation in the 18th?. Melt down value to silver plate, but it was thin enough or other metals! Needed ] silversmithing and goldsmithing, by contrast, have an unbroken tradition going back many millennia 1729 attracted... 2, Colonial Latin America 1734 O.S required experience and skill to be a maker. 46,342 a year and $ 22 an hour in the silversmith melted the work of the words used silversmithing. The sentences sound financial investment and as a Blacksmith Sentence Surgeons - Find and correct the bad spelling,,... Probly don & # x27 ; s pharmacists your set was made by the 1600s, expeditions and in... A better maker from the art Museums of Colonial times often worked a. 7 What did silversmiths do in the category `` Functional '' metalworking professions, existed... Silversmithing industry in North Carolina grew because of the pieces and anonymous employees in the Golden Ball a. Of colonial silversmith facts % pure until after the Civil War quot ; Cann &! In New York silversmith Cornelius Kierstede came to New Haven in 1729, by! Time I comment aluminum foil gets, colonial silversmith facts standard was set to 89.2 % silver use with glue these...